sandeepk

In CSS, combinators are used to select content by combining selectors in specific relationships. There are different types of relationships that can be used to combine selectors.

Descendant combinator

The descendant combinator is represented by a space “ ” and typically used between two selectors. It selects the second selector if the first selector is the ancestor (parent, parent parent's) element. These selectors are called the descendant selectors.

.cover p {
    color: red;
}

<div class="cover"><p>Text in .cover</p></div>
<p>Text not in .cover</p>

In this example, the text “Text in .cover” will be displayed in red.

Child combinators

The child combinator is represented by “>” and is used between two selectors. In this, an element is only selected if the second selector is the direct child of the first selector element. This means there should not be any other selector between the first selector element and second element selector.

ul > li {
    border-top: 5px solid red;
} 

<ul>
    <li>Unordered item</li>
    <li>Unordered item
        <ol>
            <li>Item 1</li>
            <li>Item 2</li>
        </ol>
    </li>
</ul>

In this example, the <li> element with the text “Unordered item” will have a red top border.

Adjacent sibling combinator

The adjacent sibling combinator is represented by “+” is placed between the two CSS selector. In this element is selected if the selector element is directly followed by the first element selector or only the adjacent sibling

h1 + span {
    font-weight: bold;
    background-color: #333;
    color: #fff;
    padding: .5em;
}

<div>
    <h1>A heading</h1>
    <span>Veggies es bonus vobis, proinde vos postulo essum magis kohlrabi welsh onion daikon amaranth tatsoi tomatillo
            melon azuki bean garlic.</span>

    <span>Gumbo beet greens corn soko endive gumbo gourd. Parsley shallot courgette tatsoi pea sprouts fava bean collard
            greens dandelion okra wakame tomato. Dandelion cucumber earthnut pea peanut soko zucchini.</span>
</div>

In this example, the first element will have the given CSS properties.

General sibling combinator

The general sibling combinator is represented by “~“. It selects all the sibling element, not only the direct sibling element, then we use the general sibling combinator.

h1 ~ h2 {
    font-weight: bold;
    background-color: #333;
    color: #fff;
    padding: .5em;
}

<article>
    <h1>A heading</h1>
    <h2>I am a paragraph.</h2>
    <div>I am a div</div>
    <h2>I am another paragraph.</h2>
</article>

In this example, every <h2> element will have the given CSS properties.

CSS combinators provide powerful ways to select and style content based on their relationships in the HTML structure. By understanding combinators, we can create clean, maintainable, and responsive web designs.

Cheers!

References – MDN Web Docs

#CSS #Combinators #WebDevelopment #FrontendDev

Today, I decided to analyze my bank account statement by downloading it from the day I opened my bank account. To my surprise, it was presented as a web page. Initially, my inner developer urged me to write code to scrape that data. However, feeling a bit lazy, I postponed doing so.

Later in the evening, I searched the web to find an alternate way to extract the data and discovered that HTML tables can be converted to CSV files. All I had to do was save the code in CSV format. I opened the Chrome browser's inspect code feature, copied the table, saved it with the CSV extension, and then opened the file with LibreOffice. Voila! I had the spreadsheet with all my transactions.

Cheers!

#TIL #CSV #HTML Table

The Debug Diary – Chapter I

Lately, I was debugging an issue with the importer tasks of our codebase and came across a code block which looks fine but makes an extra database query in the loop. When you have a look at the Django ORM query

jato_vehicles = JatoVehicle.objects.filter(
    year__in=available_years,<more_filters>
).only("manufacturer_code", "uid", "year", "model", "trim")

for entry in jato_vehicles.iterator():
    if entry.manufacturer_code:
        <logic>
    ymt_key = (entry.year, entry.model, entry.trim_processed)
...

you will notice we are using only, which only loads the set of fields mentioned and deferred other fields, but in the loop, we are using the field trim_processed which is a deferred field and will result in an extra database call.

Now, as we have identified the performance issue, the best way to handle the cases like this is to use values or values_list. The use of only should be discouraged in the cases like these.

Update code will look like this

jato_vehicles = JatoVehicle.objects.filter(
    year__in=available_years,<more-filters>).values_list(
    "manufacturer_code",
    "uid",
    "year",
    "model",
    "trim_processed",
    named=True,
)

for entry in jato_vehicles.iterator():
    if entry.manufacturer_code:
        <logic>
    ymt_key = (entry.year, entry.model, entry.trim_processed)
...

By doing this, we are safe from accessing the fields which are not mentioned in the values_list. If anyone tries to do so, an exception will be raised.

** By using named=True we get the result as a named tuple which makes it easy to access the values :)

Cheers!

#Django #ORM #Debug

Today, we are going to see how we can use | operator in our python code to achieve clean code.

Here is the code where we have used map and filter for a specific operation.

In [1]: arr = [11, 12, 14, 15, 18]
In [2]: list(map(lambda x: x * 2, filter(lambda x: x%2 ==1, arr)))
Out[2]: [22, 30]

The same code with Pipes.

In [1]: from pipe import select, where
In [2]: arr = [11, 12, 14, 15, 18]
In [3]: list(arr | where (lambda x: x%2 ==1) | select(lambda x:x *2))
Out[3]: [22, 30]

Pipes passes the result of one function to another function, have inbuilt pipes method like select, where, tee, traverse.

Install Pipe

>> pip install pipe

traverse

Recursively unfold iterable:

In [12]: arr = [[1,2,3], [3,4,[56]]]
In [13]: list(arr | traverse)
Out[13]: [1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 56]

select()

An alias for map().

In [1]: arr = [11, 12, 14, 15, 18]
In [2]: list(filter(lambda x: x%2 ==1, arr))
Out[2]: [11, 15]

where()

Only yields the matching items of the given iterable:

In [1]: arr = [11, 12, 14, 15, 18]
In [2]: list(arr | where(lambda x: x % 2 == 0))
Out[2]: [12, 14, 18]

sort()

Like Python's built-in “sorted” primitive. Allows cmp (Python 2.x only), key, and reverse arguments. By default, sorts using the identity function as the key.

In [1]:  ''.join("python" | sort)
Out[1]:  'hnopty'

reverse

Like Python's built-in “reversed” primitive.

In [1]:  list([1, 2, 3] | reverse)
Out[1]:   [3, 2, 1]

strip

Like Python's strip-method for str.

In [1]:  '  abc   ' | strip
Out[1]:  'abc'

That's all for today, In this blog you have seen how to install the Pipe and use the Pipe to write clean and short code using inbuilt pipes, you can check more over here

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #Python #DGPLUG

My work required me to profile one of our Django applications, to help identify the point in the application which we can improve to reach our North Star. So, I thought it will be great to share my learning and tools, that I have used to get the job done.

What is Profiling?

Profiling is a measure of the time or memory consumption of the running program. This data further can be used for program optimization.

They are many tools/libraries out there which can be used to do the job. I have found these helpful.

Apache JMeter

It is open-source software, which is great to load and performance test web applications. It's easy to set up and can be configured for what we want in the result report.

Pyinstrument

Pyinstrument is a Python profiler that offers a Django middleware to record the profiling. The profiler generates profile data for every request. The PYINSTRUMENTPROFILEDIR contains a directory that stores the profile data, which is in HTML format. You can check how it works over here

Django Query Count

Django Query Count is a middleware that prints the number of database queries made during the request processing. There are two possible settings for this, which can be found here

Django Silk

Django Silk is middleware for intercepting Requests/Responses. We can profile a block of code or functions, either manually or dynamically. It also has a user interface for inspection and visualization

So, here are some of the tools which can be of great help in profiling your code and putting your effort in the right direction of optimization applications.

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #Python #DGPLUG

Nowadays, every project has a docker image, to ease out the local setup and deployment process. We can attach these running container to our editor and can do changes on the go. We will be talking about the VS Code editor and how to use it to attach to the running container.

First thing first, run your container image and open up the VS Code editor, you will require to install following plugin

1. Remote-Container
2. Remote Development

Now, after installing these plugins, follow the steps below.

• Press the F1 key to open Command Palette and choose Remote-Containers: Attach to Running Container...
• Choose your running container from the list, and voilà.
• After this step, a new VS Code editor will open, which will be connected to your code.
• You need to re-install plugin for this again form marketplace.
  

After this, you are all set to playground the code.

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #VSCode #Containers #Docker

Today we are going to talk about the modes of image. The mode of image defines the depth and type of the pixel. These string values help you understand different information about the image. As of this writing, we have 11 standard modes.

• 1 (1-bit pixels, black and white, stored with one pixel per byte)

• L (8-bit pixels, black and white)

• P (8-bit pixels, mapped to any other mode using a color palette)

• RGB (3x8-bit pixels, true color)

• RGBA (4x8-bit pixels, true color with transparency mask)

• CMYK (4x8-bit pixels, color separation)

• YCbCr (3x8-bit pixels, color video format)

• LAB (3x8-bit pixels, the Lab color space)

• HSV (3x8-bit pixels, Hue, Saturation, Value color space)

• I (32-bit signed integer pixels)

• F (32-bit floating point pixels)

So, 1-bit pixel range from 0-1 and 8-bit pixel range from 0-255. The common modes are RGB, RGBA, P mode. Image also consist of band, common band like RGB for red, green, blue also have an Alpha(A) transparency, mainly for PNG image.

We can also change these modes with the help of convert or creating new image with the help of pillow library. Let see the code for example

# here we convert RGBA image to RGB image and painting the Alpha 
# trasparency band to white color
image = Image.open("path/to/image")
image.mode # this will tell image mode
new_image = Image.new("RGB", image.size, (255, 255, 255))
new_image.paste(image, mask=image.split()[3])

That's all about the modes. There is also raw modes where you can create even your modes, but will save that for another blog post :)

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #Python #Pillow

The other day, I was working with images which need me to use image EXIF rotation to show in right orientation. Which leads me to read about EXIF, so here are my notes about the same.

What is EXIF Exchange image file format is a protocol whose initial definition was produced by Japan Electronic Industries Development Association(JEIDA). It stores the various meta information of the images taken by a digital camera, which is stored as tag and value. There are many tags but for my problem Orientation (rotation) tag is of interest. The orientation tag value can be from 1 to 8 which signifies different meanings according to the position of the camera while taking the image.

Image metadata from GIMP tool

Different Rotation EXIF rotation helps the image viewer application to show the image in the right orientation if it's compatible with the EXIF metadata. Window users might have noticed that before Window 8 image shown is without rotation, but after Window 8 all images are shown in their right orientation because of the compatibility with EXIF.

Above image is taken from this blog

EXIF Orientation Tag Value	Row	Column
1	Top	Left Side
3	Bottom	Right Side
6	Right Side	Top
8	Left Side	Bottom

What Problem I have and how EXIF meta helpful So, the issue I am trying to solve is that we need to show the user's uploaded images that can have a different orientation, to fix this we need to rotate images which can be achieved at the server or the browser side. Working with Python makes it easy to handle the image with the help of Pillow library.

Image with different rotation

from PIL import Image

rotation_dict = {3: 180, 6: 270, 8: 90}
EXIF_ORIENTATION_TAG = 274
image = Image.open(image)
exif_data = image._getexif()
if exif_data:
    rotation_degree = rotation_dict.get(exif_data.get(EXIF_ORIENTATION_TAG))
    if rotation_degree:
        image_file = image_file.rotate(rotation_degree)

This also can be achieved with CSS image-orientation which can be used with mostly all browser

/* keyword values */
image-orientation: none;
image-orientation: from-image; /* Use EXIF data from the image */

/* Global values */
image-orientation: inherit;
image-orientation: initial;
image-orientation: revert;
image-orientation: unset;

At last, I go with the CSS solution, which solves our use case with the least effort/code changes.

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #TIL

A data class is a class containing data only, from Python3.7 we can define a data class with the help of decorator @dataclass, which build the class with the basic functionality like __init__ , __repr__, __eq__ and more special methods.

Let see how to define your data class with the decorator @dataclass

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Batch:
    sku: int
    name: str
    qty: int

>>> Batch(1, 'desk', 100)
Batch(sku=1, name='desk', qty=100)

We can also add the default value to the data class, which works exactly as if we do in the __init__ method of regular class. As you have noticed in the above we have defined the fields with type hints, which is kind of mandatory thing in the data class, if you do not do it will not take the field in your data class.

@dataclass
class Batch:
    sku: int = 1
    name: str = 'desk'
    qty: int = 100

# if you don't want to explicity type the fields you can use any
from typing import Any
class AnyBatch:
    sku: Any
    name: Any = 'desk'
    qty: Any = 100

If you want to define mutable default value in data class, it can be done with the help of default_factory and field. Field() is used to customize each field in data class, different parameter that can be passed to field are default_factory, compare, hash, init, you can check about them over here

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import List

@dataclass()
class Batch:
    sku: int
    name: str
    qty: int = 0
    creator: List[str] = field(default_factory=<function/mutable value>)

Immutable Data Class we can also define our data class as immutable by setting frozen=True, which basically means we cannot assign value to the fields after creation

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Batch:
    sku: int
    name: str
    qty: int = 0

>>> b = Batch(12, 'desk', 100)
>>> b.qty 
100
>>> b.qty = 90
dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'qty'

Data class saves us from writing boilerplate code, help us to focus on logic, this new feature of Python3.7 is great, so what waiting for go and right some data classes.

Cheers!

#100DaysToOffload #Python #DataClass #TIL #DGPLUG